The Awakening Of The American Dream The Reality...

The awakening of the American dream: The reality concealed by paradise The American dream is an ideology that has been around, known, and praised for a long time. It is an aspiration many long to achieve and protect with their lives. A story that has been written out for us and embed in our minds. As children, we begin school and are taught the pledge of allegiance and how important it is for everyone to take a moment to praise and thank what the nation for what it has to offer. We rise and hold this belief to our hearts looking upon the flag representing our nation. We grow up believing that we are the privileged ones who have the opportunity of liberty and justice for all. Glorifying what it means to be an American, convincing us that we can all have an opportunity to even be President thus creating a fixed mindset of paradise. Therefore, serving the American dream as an expectation rather than as stimuli; created only for a narrow group of people exposing the realization that only a few have the privilege to acquire the dream. America is a â€Å"ne w nation† an experiment founded on change and beliefs (Beach 148). A nation, our founders believed could be different and gift people with individuality, hopes, and enlighten them with the American dream. A dream brought from desperate times, providing motivation for many even until this day. People have maintained the hope that the American dream can be achieved by anybody. We have had different races immigrate into the unitedShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesTraining and Development 41 Compensation and Benefits 42 Employee Relations 42 vi Contents Top Management Commitment 43 Effective Upward Communication 43 Determining What to Communicate 44 Allowing for Feedback 44 Information Sources 44 The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 62 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 63 The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 63 Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 64 Relevant Executive Orders 64 vii WORKPLACE ISSUES: HRM Certification

Howe 2 Ski Case Study - 1087 Words

Howe 2 Ski Case Study 1. Given the background information about Howe 2 Ski Stores, discuss the feasibility of implementing lump sum bonus, pay for knowledge, profit sharing, and gainsharing plans. What plan or plans would you recommend that Howe look at most closely and why? Lump sum bonuses are a form of performance pay bonus. Defined as â€Å"bonuses †¦ earned at the end of a specified time period, such as monthly, quarterly, or annually, when a salesperson achieves a specific level of sales or sales quota† (Quast), they are utilized frequently in the sales industry. The dilemma, in this case, is that quality and productivity is not based only on sales. The molders are contributing to the issues that impact How 2 Ski. The lump sum bonuses†¦show more content†¦The Scanlon, Rucker and Improshare gain sharing plans are those most often utilized in organizations. In order to appropriately recommend an incentive plan, one must first identify the main issues with operation at Howe 2 ski. Howe 2 Ski has experience increased competition resulting in a decreased market share. Smaller market share increases the negative impact a lack of productivity and customer dissatisfaction has on Howe 2 Ski’s profits. The decreased production of both the molders and Sales-Persons result in increased inventory and higher cost of production. Furthermore, Howe has attempted to establish an incentive pay program that has served to be ineffective and has fostered low morale within the organization. Given these factors, gainsharing would be the most beneficial for How 2 Ski. 2. Assuming that Howe decides that a gainsharing plan is feasible, what could be done to increase the likelihood of success? Timothy L Ross, Ph.D. offers comprehensive research providing an astute account of the effective implementation of gainsharing plans. A well-planned gainsharing plan is essential when implementing the bonus program. First, a plan should include elements of employee involvement. It is important that management gain employeeShow MoreRelatedTest Paper1754 Words   |  8 PagesSystem Case study of Howe 2 Ski Sores Submitted By Mr. Sardar Ali MBA Section-D Submitted to Lecturer: Mr. Baber Jamil Institute of Management Sciences Phase 7 Hayatabad Pehsawar, Pakistan Evaluating Non-Traditional Incentive Systems Case Study: Howe 2 Ski Stores Introduction: In this case study, the main focus of our interest is to evaluate the non traditional incentive system. But before going into the detail of Non-traditional incentive system, let us summarize the case studyRead MoreEssay on The Special Olympics2686 Words   |  11 Pagesto survive in society than the public school system alone.    In order to design an effective program for any group of children, an analysis must be made of that group. Frank Hayden is a research associate at the University of Toronto who studies motor development in handicapped children. 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Aid and Two Gap Model Free Essays

string(49) " boost the growth rate of the recipient country\." Aid and the Two Gap Model Aid is a burning issue these days. The question of countries accepting foreign aid has intrigued economists and the general public for a quite a while. Television discussions and newspaper articles have frequently focused on this issue while politicians try to fight this matter out in the parliaments. We will write a custom essay sample on Aid and Two Gap Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, many are trying to unravel the enigma of aid and its effects on growth. This paper, in the little word space provided, will try to establish a relation between aid and growth. It will do so by first defining aid and growth and then moving on to some of the important models which can be used to understand this link. We will discuss the two-gap model and then move on to the Solow and Harrod-Domar model, giving empirical examples in each case. Finally, we will analyze two countries and try to inspect the reasons for their different growth rates using the logic used in the discussed models. Aid can be defined as any voluntary transfer of resources. It can be either public (provided by donor countries or multilateral donor organization such as the IMF and The World Bank) or private (given by NGO’s. . The Organization for Economic Corporation and Development defines aid as any transfer of money or resource that fulfills the following criteria: a) The objective of the transfer should be noncommercial. b) It should be given for the purpose of economic development. c) The terms of the transfer should be concessional (interest rate should be less than the pre vailing interest rate in the market OR the maturity period should be longer than usual). Aid should not be mixed with grant which is often used interchangeably with this term. Aid is any transfer that has concessional terms while grant is a form of aid that does not require the repayment of the principal. In this paper, we will often measure aid in the from of official development assistance (ODA) which is a convenient indicator of international aid flow. On the other hand, we will measure growth by scrutinizing the percentage change in GDP. One of the most widely used framework for analyzing the effects of aid on growth is the two-gap model which holds a key position in policy decisions related to foreign assistance. The two gap model is based on the Harrod Domar equation g = s/v where s is savings rate v is capital output ratio Capital output ratio is assumed to be constant. The two gap model assumes that a developing country faces either a savings gap or a foreign exchange gap. The savings gap occurs when a country faces a shortage of savings to match Investment in attaining an intended growth rate. In such a case, foreign borrowing or aid can supplement the savings and help bridge the gap between savings and investment. This allows a country to achieve the targeted growth rate. Ft lt; I – S (Savings gap) A foreign exchange gap takes place when a country’s exports are not enough to finance its imports. In such situations, aid is handy as it fills the foreign exchange gap and provides countries with sufficient exchange to reach the required level of imports. At a given point in time, only one of the two gaps is binding. Ft lt; M – X (Foreign Exchange gap) Following this further, we fit empirical data into this model. Zambia is a developing country that has continuously received aid since the mid 1960’s. In 1992, almost 80% of Zambia’s investment was financed by foreign aid. Since, Zambia has received aid over such a long period, the two gap model predicted that its per capita GDP would reach $2300 by the turn of the century. On the contrary, its GDP per capita in 2007 remained merely half of what was expected . i. e. $1300. The fig. below summarizes the analysis of the Zambian economy. To examine whether the Zambian case is an exception or does the model always fail to predict the reality, we scrutinize on various factors which could have blocked the path of growth for this country. Zambia has been infected by violence and instability right from its independence, with bloodshed and massacres a common feature. In addition, economic growth has been hindered by the outbreak of civil war and influx of refugees from the neighboring countries. Corruption is another problem that has stalled growth which can be seen from the fact that Zambia is ranked 101 on the corruption perception index. Very recently, Sweden and Netherlands stopped aid to Zambia due to rampant corruption allegations. All these problems add to the ineffectiveness of aid on the growth of Zambian economy which can explain why the two-gap model failed to forecast the ineptness of aid. The effect of aid on growth can also be explained using two basic but important models, namely Harrod Domar model and the Solow model. Although the upshot of aid on growth is a multidimensional and complex process we only take into account the effect of aid on variables defined in these two models. The main focus of our discussion will be the saving rate which comes out to be the most imperative variable in both these models. We start through the basic Harrod Domar model. Capital output ratio, capital labor ratio and labor output ratio are assumed to be constant. Some of the important relations are as follows: S=s. Y (2) (3) (1) g= (s/v)-(? ) S=I Where: Y is income S is total saving I is Investment ? is depreciation of capital According to this model, growth can be increased by increasing s, decreasing v or decreasing ?. We shall mainly focus on the relation of aid on growth through the savings rate channel. Countries ask for aid mainly due to its perceived beneficial effect on the savings rate. As shown, saving equals investment in the Harrod-Domar model, subsequently an increase in savings will result in an increase in investment. This increase is supposed to boost the growth rate of the recipient country. You read "Aid and Two Gap Model" in category "Papers" Michael P. Shields offer an interesting explanation of the relation of foreign aid on growth in his paper â€Å"foreign aid and domestic savings: the crowding out effect†. If foreign aid is expected to increase savings, then equation (3) becomes g=(s+fa)/v -? Where fa is foreign aid as a proportion of income (4) (s+fa) represents the total funds available for backing investment. According to this equation, an increase in foreign aid is supposed to increase the total saving funds and hence investment by an equal amount. This suggests that an each additional dollar of foreign aid should result in a one dollar increase in investment in the economy of the recipient country. Reality however is not that perfect and it is too generous for anyone to assume such a one-to-one increase in investment from aid. Famous economist Edward Griffin offers a criticism of such approach. According to him foreign aid should be taken so as to supplement income rather than having a direct impact on savings. In such a case, an increase in income by the amount of foreign aid fa would increase consumption by (1-s). a, thus increasing the investment by s. fa. In such a case, domestic savings can be crowded out by foreign aid by the net amount –(1-s)fa which equals (s-1)fa. Markedly, foreign aid can crowd out private savings and investment, resulting in a decrease in growth as suggested by the Harrod Domar model. The main obstacle in the way of growth in the Harrod-Domar model is the phenomenon of aid filtering out into increased consumption (1-s). fa. Aid has to be spent on investment or has to increase the saving rate (both eventually come out to be the same) for a country to grow. To see a practical example of this, we consider Pakistan, which is a country largely dependent on foreign aid. During the period 1952-2002, the total amount of aid given to Pakistan equaled 63703 million US dollars. Ghulam Mohey-ud-din examines in his paper â€Å"Impact of foreign aid on economic development in Pakistan†, the reasons for aid not resulting in the required growth for Pakistan. He states three main reasons for the failure of aid to account for growth. First of all, a staggering 58% of this total aid (approx. 6945 million US dollars) was tied to development of large projects while only 13% (approx 8281 million US dollars) accounted for non-food and BOP aid. Such a large portion of aid (58%) going towards consumption invariably meant that the effect on savings was going to be very minute. Thus, financial aid tended to crowd out saving and investment. Secondly, while the nominal aid gradually increased, in reality, aid as a percentage of gross national income fell f rom approximately 7. 6% in 1960 to nearly 3% in 2002. This meant that aid was not catching up to the required increase in the GNI of Pakistan. Thirdly, along with the increase in aid came the burden of burgeoning foreign debt. This required huge amounts of debt servicing which reduced Pakistan’s current account. As previously explained, aid was already not resulting in much growth due to it crowding out savings and investment. An additional burden of debt servicing did the government no better. Accordingly, its GDP growth rate was subject to constant fluctuations and Pakistan could never attain sustainable growth. The growth rate reached a peak of 10. 22% in 1953 but since then, the average growth has gone down with the exception of one or two years. In 2002, the GDP growth rate stood at 4. 73%. Aid during a whole half of a century could not result in sustained economic growth. Another approach that looks at the impact of foreign aid on growth is the poverty trap. Many poor developing countries face an inability to grow at reasonable rates due to getting stuck in a poverty trap, which can be defined as a self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist. We use the Solow model to analyze how aid can be used to pull countries out of this poverty trap and onto the path of self-sustaining economic growth. We assume the basic assumptions of Solow model to be true. Thus, we assume constant returns to scale production function and diminishing returns to capital. The final and important relation of the Solow model is ? k=s. y-(n+? ). k (5) k is capital per worker n is population growth Philipp Harms and Matthiaz Lutz depart from this conventional Solow model by assuming that people have to satisfy their basic consumption needs for which savings are zero until per capita income does not exceed a certain level. The modified Solow diagram is shown below Two steady states are shown in the above figure. k* is an unstable steady state while k** is a stable steady state. If the country’s initial capital per worker is below the unstable steady state k*, then the country is stuck in a potentially dangerous poverty trap. Low income levels result in low saving which leads to lower investment in capital stock. Increasing depreciation ? of capital will further lower the capital per worker k and result in even lower income. This vicious cycle of poverty and lack of growth will keep re-enforcing each other unless the country is given a push start. This push can be in the form of aid, which may impact the savings rate s as discussed in the extended Harrod Domar model. Furthermore, aid in the form of foreign capital inflow can also increase capital per worker, consequently pushing the country out the poverty trap. Now we come to the analysis of growth patterns in two Arab countries namely Egypt and Palestine. We will explore the amounts and type of aid given to these countries and then investigate their underlying effects on various growth variables based on the Solow and Harrod Domar models discussed earlier in the paper. With this in mind, we turn to the empirical evidences which show that: 1. ODA/GNI ratio for Palestine has increased during the period 2000-2005, while that of Egypt has decreased during the same period. 2. ODA/Capita for Palestine has increased to $500 during the period 2000-2005, while ODA/Capita for Egypt has come down to $15 in 2003 from $179 in 1979. 3. In Egypt, 13% of the total aid was tied whereas in Palestine 8% was tied. 4. Technical aid provided to Egypt was 44% while that of Palestine was 16% of total aid during the period 2000-2004. 5. In Egypt, education was given the highest priority among the aid allocated to the social sector. While in Palestine, Education was the second lowest recipient of aid allocated to the social sector. 6. In Palestine, growth rate of real GDP from 2003-2005 was 35. 50%, while the percentage change in real GDP for Egypt was 127. 46 for the same period. ODA/GNI ratio signifies the dependency of the recipient country on the donor for foreign aid. A large increase in the ODA/GNI ratio of Palestine meant that it was becoming more and more dependent on foreign aid for support, while the opposite was true for Egypt. Consequently, Palestinian institutions kept weakening and were not given the incentive to develop due to their heavy reliance on outward help. On the other hand, Egypt’s lower dependency on foreign aid meant that it was getting increased opportunities to develop its institutions and stand up on its own feet. As the ODA/capita of Palestine increased to alarming heights, it signaled the reliance of Palestine on foreign donations. This could have created a moral hazard problem for the rulers of Palestine who knew that growth would result in drawing back of aid. In such a scenario, the incentive to grow could have actually vanished. Conditional or tied aid has great disadvantages because the recipient government cannot spend the aid on their desired projects. Moreover, tied aid has to be spent on specific and predetermines projects. As discussed earlier in the paper, if foreign aid is diverted to such consumption, it has the tendency to crowd out investment and savings. Although Egypt had a greater share of tied aid than Palestine, however the small size and weak economy of Palestine meant that even 8% of tied aid had a profound effect on its growth. Egypt was provided more technical aid than Palestine. Technical aid in turns translates into higher Theta in the extended Solow model. An important relation of this model is ?ke= s. ye-(n+? +theta) k Therefore higher technical aid for Egypt resulted in higher effective capital per labor and in turn higher growth than Palestine. The allocation of higher portion of aid to education by Egypt as compared to Palestine means that Egypt is contributing more to its human capital. This will in turn again stimulate theta in the extended Solow model, resulting in increase growth rate of Egypt. In the light of above discussion, it can be said that the effect of aid on growth does not only depend on variables explained in the models above. Many other factors play a vital role in this link as well. As seen in the case of Zambia, the macroeconomic and political stability are pre-requisites which feed into this complex relation as well. The aid distribution plan should be effective and free of corruption of all sorts for it to have an impact on growth. A major chunk of aid should be distributed towards the saving and investment channel. While our analysis has tried to determine a link between aid and development, it still carries some shortcomings. The assumptions used in the models such as a fixed capital output ratio are too stringent and do not carry much weight in the reality. Some variables such as savings rate s and productivity theta are determined exogenously, while the macro/microeconomic conditions determining these variables could also affect the impact of aid on growth. Nonetheless, the analysis provides useful insight into the complex relation of aid and growth. Economicgrowth, Capitalaccumulation, Macroeconomics, Grossdomesticproduct, Investment, Economicdevelopment, Stockandflow, EconomicsAid and the Two Gap Model Aid is a burning issue these days. The question of countries accepting foreign aid has intrigued economists and the general public for a quite a while. Television discussions and newspaper articles have frequently focused on this issue while politicians try to fight this matter out in the parliaments. Furthermore, many are trying to unravel the enigma of aid and its effects on growth. This paper, in the little word space provided, will try to establish a relation between aid and growth. It will do so by first defining aid and growth and then moving on to some of the important models which can be used to understand this link. We will discuss the two-gap model and then move on to the Solow and Harrod-Domar model, giving empirical examples in each case. Finally, we will analyze two countries and try to inspect the reasons for their different growth rates using the logic used in the discussed models. Aid can be defined as any voluntary transfer of resources. It can be either public (provided by donor countries or multilateral donor organization such as the IMF and The World Bank) or private (given by NGO’s. . The Organization for Economic Corporation and Development defines aid as any transfer of money or resource that fulfills the following criteria: a) The objective of the transfer should be noncommercial. b) It should be given for the purpose of economic development. c) The terms of the transfer should be concessional (interest rate should be less than the pre vailing interest rate in the market OR the maturity period should be longer than usual). Aid should not be mixed with grant which is often used interchangeably with this term. Aid is any transfer that has concessional terms while grant is a form of aid that does not require the repayment of the principal. In this paper, we will often measure aid in the from of official development assistance (ODA) which is a convenient indicator of international aid flow. On the other hand, we will measure growth by scrutinizing the percentage change in GDP. One of the most widely used framework for analyzing the effects of aid on growth is the two-gap model which holds a key position in policy decisions related to foreign assistance. The two gap model is based on the Harrod Domar equation g = s/v where s is savings rate v is capital output ratio Capital output ratio is assumed to be constant. The two gap model assumes that a developing country faces either a savings gap or a foreign exchange gap. The savings gap occurs when a country faces a shortage of savings to match Investment in attaining an intended growth rate. In such a case, foreign borrowing or aid can supplement the savings and help bridge the gap between savings and investment. This allows a country to achieve the targeted growth rate. Ft lt; I – S (Savings gap) A foreign exchange gap takes place when a country’s exports are not enough to finance its imports. In such situations, aid is handy as it fills the foreign exchange gap and provides countries with sufficient exchange to reach the required level of imports. At a given point in time, only one of the two gaps is binding. Ft lt; M – X (Foreign Exchange gap) Following this further, we fit empirical data into this model. Zambia is a developing country that has continuously received aid since the mid 1960’s. In 1992, almost 80% of Zambia’s investment was financed by foreign aid. Since, Zambia has received aid over such a long period, the two gap model predicted that its per capita GDP would reach $2300 by the turn of the century. On the contrary, its GDP per capita in 2007 remained merely half of what was expected . i. e. $1300. The fig. below summarizes the analysis of the Zambian economy. To examine whether the Zambian case is an exception or does the model always fail to predict the reality, we scrutinize on various factors which could have blocked the path of growth for this country. Zambia has been infected by violence and instability right from its independence, with bloodshed and massacres a common feature. In addition, economic growth has been hindered by the outbreak of civil war and influx of refugees from the neighboring countries. Corruption is another problem that has stalled growth which can be seen from the fact that Zambia is ranked 101 on the corruption perception index. Very recently, Sweden and Netherlands stopped aid to Zambia due to rampant corruption allegations. All these problems add to the ineffectiveness of aid on the growth of Zambian economy which can explain why the two-gap model failed to forecast the ineptness of aid. The effect of aid on growth can also be explained using two basic but important models, namely Harrod Domar model and the Solow model. Although the upshot of aid on growth is a multidimensional and complex process we only take into account the effect of aid on variables defined in these two models. The main focus of our discussion will be the saving rate which comes out to be the most imperative variable in both these models. We start through the basic Harrod Domar model. Capital output ratio, capital labor ratio and labor output ratio are assumed to be constant. Some of the important relations are as follows: S=s. Y (2) (3) (1) g= (s/v)-(? ) S=I Where: Y is income S is total saving I is Investment ? is depreciation of capital According to this model, growth can be increased by increasing s, decreasing v or decreasing ?. We shall mainly focus on the relation of aid on growth through the savings rate channel. Countries ask for aid mainly due to its perceived beneficial effect on the savings rate. As shown, saving equals investment in the Harrod-Domar model, subsequently an increase in savings will result in an increase in investment. This increase is supposed to boost the growth rate of the recipient country. Michael P. Shields offer an interesting explanation of the relation of foreign aid on growth in his paper â€Å"foreign aid and domestic savings: the crowding out effect†. If foreign aid is expected to increase savings, then equation (3) becomes g=(s+fa)/v -? Where fa is foreign aid as a proportion of income (4) (s+fa) represents the total funds available for backing investment. According to this equation, an increase in foreign aid is supposed to increase the total saving funds and hence investment by an equal amount. This suggests that an each additional dollar of foreign aid should result in a one dollar increase in investment in the economy of the recipient country. Reality however is not that perfect and it is too generous for anyone to assume such a one-to-one increase in investment from aid. Famous economist Edward Griffin offers a criticism of such approach. According to him foreign aid should be taken so as to supplement income rather than having a direct impact on savings. In such a case, an increase in income by the amount of foreign aid fa would increase consumption by (1-s). a, thus increasing the investment by s. fa. In such a case, domestic savings can be crowded out by foreign aid by the net amount –(1-s)fa which equals (s-1)fa. Markedly, foreign aid can crowd out private savings and investment, resulting in a decrease in growth as suggested by the Harrod Domar model. The main obstacle in the way of growth in the Harrod-Domar model is the phenomenon of aid filtering out into increased consumption (1-s). fa. Aid has to be spent on investment or has to increase the saving rate (both eventually come out to be the same) for a country to grow. To see a practical example of this, we consider Pakistan, which is a country largely dependent on foreign aid. During the period 1952-2002, the total amount of aid given to Pakistan equaled 63703 million US dollars. Ghulam Mohey-ud-din examines in his paper â€Å"Impact of foreign aid on economic development in Pakistan†, the reasons for aid not resulting in the required growth for Pakistan. He states three main reasons for the failure of aid to account for growth. First of all, a staggering 58% of this total aid (approx. 6945 million US dollars) was tied to development of large projects while only 13% (approx 8281 million US dollars) accounted for non-food and BOP aid. Such a large portion of aid (58%) going towards consumption invariably meant that the effect on savings was going to be very minute. Thus, financial aid tended to crowd out saving and investment. Secondly, while the nominal aid gradually increased, in reality, aid as a percentage of gross national income fell f rom approximately 7. 6% in 1960 to nearly 3% in 2002. This meant that aid was not catching up to the required increase in the GNI of Pakistan. Thirdly, along with the increase in aid came the burden of burgeoning foreign debt. This required huge amounts of debt servicing which reduced Pakistan’s current account. As previously explained, aid was already not resulting in much growth due to it crowding out savings and investment. An additional burden of debt servicing did the government no better. Accordingly, its GDP growth rate was subject to constant fluctuations and Pakistan could never attain sustainable growth. The growth rate reached a peak of 10. 22% in 1953 but since then, the average growth has gone down with the exception of one or two years. In 2002, the GDP growth rate stood at 4. 73%. Aid during a whole half of a century could not result in sustained economic growth. Another approach that looks at the impact of foreign aid on growth is the poverty trap. Many poor developing countries face an inability to grow at reasonable rates due to getting stuck in a poverty trap, which can be defined as a self-reinforcing mechanism which causes poverty to persist. We use the Solow model to analyze how aid can be used to pull countries out of this poverty trap and onto the path of self-sustaining economic growth. We assume the basic assumptions of Solow model to be true. Thus, we assume constant returns to scale production function and diminishing returns to capital. The final and important relation of the Solow model is ? k=s. y-(n+? ). k (5) k is capital per worker n is population growth Philipp Harms and Matthiaz Lutz depart from this conventional Solow model by assuming that people have to satisfy their basic consumption needs for which savings are zero until per capita income does not exceed a certain level. The modified Solow diagram is shown below Two steady states are shown in the above figure. k* is an unstable steady state while k** is a stable steady state. If the country’s initial capital per worker is below the unstable steady state k*, then the country is stuck in a potentially dangerous poverty trap. Low income levels result in low saving which leads to lower investment in capital stock. Increasing depreciation ? of capital will further lower the capital per worker k and result in even lower income. This vicious cycle of poverty and lack of growth will keep re-enforcing each other unless the country is given a push start. This push can be in the form of aid, which may impact the savings rate s as discussed in the extended Harrod Domar model. Furthermore, aid in the form of foreign capital inflow can also increase capital per worker, consequently pushing the country out the poverty trap. Now we come to the analysis of growth patterns in two Arab countries namely Egypt and Palestine. We will explore the amounts and type of aid given to these countries and then investigate their underlying effects on various growth variables based on the Solow and Harrod Domar models discussed earlier in the paper. With this in mind, we turn to the empirical evidences which show that: 1. ODA/GNI ratio for Palestine has increased during the period 2000-2005, while that of Egypt has decreased during the same period. 2. ODA/Capita for Palestine has increased to $500 during the period 2000-2005, while ODA/Capita for Egypt has come down to $15 in 2003 from $179 in 1979. 3. In Egypt, 13% of the total aid was tied whereas in Palestine 8% was tied. 4. Technical aid provided to Egypt was 44% while that of Palestine was 16% of total aid during the period 2000-2004. 5. In Egypt, education was given the highest priority among the aid allocated to the social sector. While in Palestine, Education was the second lowest recipient of aid allocated to the social sector. 6. In Palestine, growth rate of real GDP from 2003-2005 was 35. 50%, while the percentage change in real GDP for Egypt was 127. 46 for the same period. ODA/GNI ratio signifies the dependency of the recipient country on the donor for foreign aid. A large increase in the ODA/GNI ratio of Palestine meant that it was becoming more and more dependent on foreign aid for support, while the opposite was true for Egypt. Consequently, Palestinian institutions kept weakening and were not given the incentive to develop due to their heavy reliance on outward help. On the other hand, Egypt’s lower dependency on foreign aid meant that it was getting increased opportunities to develop its institutions and stand up on its own feet. As the ODA/capita of Palestine increased to alarming heights, it signaled the reliance of Palestine on foreign donations. This could have created a moral hazard problem for the rulers of Palestine who knew that growth would result in drawing back of aid. In such a scenario, the incentive to grow could have actually vanished. Conditional or tied aid has great disadvantages because the recipient government cannot spend the aid on their desired projects. Moreover, tied aid has to be spent on specific and predetermines projects. As discussed earlier in the paper, if foreign aid is diverted to such consumption, it has the tendency to crowd out investment and savings. Although Egypt had a greater share of tied aid than Palestine, however the small size and weak economy of Palestine meant that even 8% of tied aid had a profound effect on its growth. Egypt was provided more technical aid than Palestine. Technical aid in turns translates into higher Theta in the extended Solow model. An important relation of this model is ?ke= s. ye-(n+? +theta) k Therefore higher technical aid for Egypt resulted in higher effective capital per labor and in turn higher growth than Palestine. The allocation of higher portion of aid to education by Egypt as compared to Palestine means that Egypt is contributing more to its human capital. This will in turn again stimulate theta in the extended Solow model, resulting in increase growth rate of Egypt. In the light of above discussion, it can be said that the effect of aid on growth does not only depend on variables explained in the models above. Many other factors play a vital role in this link as well. As seen in the case of Zambia, the macroeconomic and political stability are pre-requisites which feed into this complex relation as well. The aid distribution plan should be effective and free of corruption of all sorts for it to have an impact on growth. A major chunk of aid should be distributed towards the saving and investment channel. While our analysis has tried to determine a link between aid and development, it still carries some shortcomings. The assumptions used in the models such as a fixed capital output ratio are too stringent and do not carry much weight in the reality. Some variables such as savings rate s and productivity theta are determined exogenously, while the macro/microeconomic conditions determining these variables could also affect the impact of aid on growth. Nonetheless, the analysis provides useful insight into the complex relation of aid and growth. How to cite Aid and Two Gap Model, Papers

Academic Goals free essay sample

It’s opening night of â€Å"17 Again† starring Zac Effron, who is every teenage girl’s dream boyfriend. Do I study for my big Spanish exam or go out with my friends to see Zac Effron? When I have a big choice involving my social life and my academic career, I pick the less appealing choice: stay home in the office and study. Freshman year my dad told something that will always stick with me: â€Å"high school goes by very fast. Enjoy it while it lasts. Before you know it, you will be applying for college, then jobs.† Don’t tell my dad, but he was right. High school went by so fast. I feel like yesterday I was losing sleep about what I was going to wear for the first day of freshman year. I have been involved in competitive ski racing for seven years. Being so competitive results in traveling and missing school, I have been very good with getting my homework in advance and getting it done on the car ride to Michigan, Colorado, or wherever the race takes me that weekend. We will write a custom essay sample on Academic Goals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My goal is to excel in school so I can be prepared for a job in the medical profession. In college, I hope to learn more about radiology and someday have a profession in the radiology field. Graduating from college would allow me to share my talents with the world and help people. Even though Zac Effron will never be my boyfriend, â€Å"17 Again† will come out on DVD. My future depends on my academic career. Whether it is my teenage boy fantasy or a weekend of ski racing, school comes first. I will always have my parents’ advice, love and support to thank for that.

The Sound of Music Essay Example For Students

The Sound of Music Essay The Sound of Music film and its musical compositions are iconic and thus a necessity to watch for all those who have not been touched by this uplifting musical. The music is originally by Richard Rodgers and lyrics by Oscar Hammerings II and the numbers are sung by Julie Andrews and the rest of The Sound of Music cast. Instrumental underscore passages were adapted by Irwin Costal. Edelweiss, thought by some to be a traditional Austrian song or even the Austrian national anthem was written expressly for the musical by Rodgers ND Hammerings. Originally unknown in Austria, it has been promoted heavily there ever since, especially in Salisbury. The songs How Can Love Survive? , An Ordinary Couple, and No Way to Stop It were not used in the film version. The omission of those songs had to be approved through Richard Rodgers. We will write a custom essay on The Sound of Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were four extra children singing with the ones onscreen to add more effect to their voices, including Darleen Carr, Chairman Cars younger sister. However, these were unaccredited. Darleen Carr sang Curts high voice, during the reprise and sad versions of the title Eng, as well as the high Bye in the song So Long, Farewell, and later for Greet in its reprise towards the end of the film. 2. Make-up, coiffure, and costumes In the make-up department, there is Margaret Donovan and Ray Forman as the hairstylists; Ben Nee and Willard Blue as the make-up artists. The costumes were designed by Dorothy Jenkins. The make-up department and the costume designer really changed the cast to their characters. 3. Acting and the stars Director Robert Wise and his casting consultants were widely recognized as having done a superb Job in assembling a cast that included so many unknown, but very talented names. After an extensive search and more than two hundred auditions, the children were chosen, not Just for their acting and singing skills, but also for their personality and presence. Many of The Sound of Music actors and actresses formed a strong bond with each other, a camaraderie that still lasts today. Julie Andrews was Hollywood most promising up-and-coming musical star when she was chosen to play

Free Essays on The Secret Behind The Hero

â€Å"The Secret Behind the hero† Reading the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus appears to be a brave, skilled warrior. He ventured through many obstacles and faced dangers that almost took his life away. He is perceived by the gods as hero. However, Odysseus was able to survive all the dangers by the help of gods, they protected him every time he was at risk, especially Athena who offered him help and support whenever he was in need. Would Odysseus be considered as hero and gain Throne without gods help? Odysseus is unique among epic heroes; his strength comes mainly from his mind opposing other heroes whose strength comes from physical ability. Odysseus overcomes obstacles using cunning, guile and superiority of intellect. Odysseus demonstrated his patience and good use of his reason, when he managed to outsmart Polyphemus and poke out his only eye. Homer describes Odysseus’ outstanding skills in the following lines: â€Å" The pike of olive, green though it had been, reddened and glowed as if about to catch. I drew it from the coals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and rammed it Deep in his crater eye†. (Book IX, line 400, p 315). He also came back home alive despite of all the obstacles including storms, kidnapping and hardship. The gods were very significant to King Odysseus’ life. Every time he obeyed them and followed their advice he succeeded and escaped death. His trip to reach home, in Ithaca and his wife was organized by the gods; he only had to follow instructions. Zeus sent Hermes to Calypso to release him. Athena went to Odysseus’s house and set up a plan with his son Telemachus that would help to bring his father home. During his journey he was helped by godly powers along the way. Athena was his guide to find his way home, she was constantly by his side and comforted him by telling him: â€Å" No fear but I shall be there; you’ll go forward under my arm when the crux comes at last.† Even when the god of sea Poseidon wanted to t... Free Essays on The Secret Behind The Hero Free Essays on The Secret Behind The Hero â€Å"The Secret Behind the hero† Reading the Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus appears to be a brave, skilled warrior. He ventured through many obstacles and faced dangers that almost took his life away. He is perceived by the gods as hero. However, Odysseus was able to survive all the dangers by the help of gods, they protected him every time he was at risk, especially Athena who offered him help and support whenever he was in need. Would Odysseus be considered as hero and gain Throne without gods help? Odysseus is unique among epic heroes; his strength comes mainly from his mind opposing other heroes whose strength comes from physical ability. Odysseus overcomes obstacles using cunning, guile and superiority of intellect. Odysseus demonstrated his patience and good use of his reason, when he managed to outsmart Polyphemus and poke out his only eye. Homer describes Odysseus’ outstanding skills in the following lines: â€Å" The pike of olive, green though it had been, reddened and glowed as if about to catch. I drew it from the coals †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and rammed it Deep in his crater eye†. (Book IX, line 400, p 315). He also came back home alive despite of all the obstacles including storms, kidnapping and hardship. The gods were very significant to King Odysseus’ life. Every time he obeyed them and followed their advice he succeeded and escaped death. His trip to reach home, in Ithaca and his wife was organized by the gods; he only had to follow instructions. Zeus sent Hermes to Calypso to release him. Athena went to Odysseus’s house and set up a plan with his son Telemachus that would help to bring his father home. During his journey he was helped by godly powers along the way. Athena was his guide to find his way home, she was constantly by his side and comforted him by telling him: â€Å" No fear but I shall be there; you’ll go forward under my arm when the crux comes at last.† Even when the god of sea Poseidon wanted to t...

Constructive Criticism vs Disciplinary Actions on a Nursing Unit Essay

Constructive Criticism vs Disciplinary Actions on a Nursing Unit - Essay Example On the other hand, disciplinary actions are means of dealing with unfavorable job-related behavior, especially those which do not meet with work and performance standards (US Legal, 2012). The primary purpose of these actions is to support the employee in understanding that performance issues for improvement exist. It is basically a way of imposing discipline for the employees (Hessler and Humphreys, 2008). While constructive criticisms provide a means for the employee to re-evaluate his actions and further improve on these, disciplinary actions are imposed punishment for failing to live up to the standards of the practice (Kennedy, 2006). Constructive criticism is more palatable for employees who can choose to consider the criticism as a means of improving their practice; however disciplinary actions are mostly met with disfavor due to its final and imposing nature on the work of employees (Hendren, 2011). B. What are likely outcomes to delivered action? 1. In order to deliver the n ecessary actions while still retaining employee productivity, it is important to first identify the unacceptable action, specifically indicating what the staff member is doing or is failing to do well (Hendren, 2011). The focus in effect is in the action, not the behavior or his personality. Specifying what the employee did wrong is also an essential part of achieving the best outcomes in establishing constructive criticism (Nursing Times, 2007). It is also important to explain the outcome, which behavior is not acceptable and how the action negatively impacts on productivity and on patient outcomes. Descriptive terms must also be used in order to establish how the behavior is wrong and how such behavior can be changed (Nursing Times, 2007). The expectations must also be indicated and clearly established from the very start. The employee must know what behavior is unacceptable and the various actions which can be applied to improve behavior. 2. Personal feelings must also be set asi de when giving constructive criticism. There are various outcomes to delivered action and for employees, their actions may produce unfavorable or favorable outcomes (Nursing Times, 2007). In giving feedback to employees, personal and subjective opinions have to be set aside (Clynes and Raftery, 2008). Saying to the employee that they are â€Å"useless† is an unnecessary comment and achieves nothing except feelings of discontent in the employee. It degrades the employee and makes his performance even worse (Nursing Times, 2007). Instead, the focus of the criticism must be on the activity, what was not done, what was done well, and what the criticism would be expected to achieve. The criticism must also be clear and concise, as well as professional, indicating positive feedback with information on how to improve actions and performance (Hendren, 2011). Asking the employee how he feels about his performance is a means of achieving improved outcomes and constructive benefits for the overall nursing profession. The manner of giving the feedback must focus on the problem, not the individual (Hendren, 2011). It must be direct and not contain any mixed and confusing elements. It must also be given in person and in private, preventing any embarrassment for individuals involved. The employee should also be involved in the discussion, allowing him to express his issues with his work, and inquiring about his coping skills and difficulties (Nursing Times,

Ethical Standards at Johnson County Library Research Paper

Ethical Standards at Johnson County Library - Research Paper Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that to measure the effectiveness of the Johnson County Library, the management considers citizens’ response concerning the level of best practices and services offered by employees. The library also allows citizens opportunity to present and file complaints against the institution. The management then considers the weight of the complaints to verify the level of effectiveness of the institution in a move to meet its missions. Just like in other organizations, Johnson County Library has numerous codes of ethics and conducts governing the behavior of the employees. The codes of ethics as inscribed in the ethical codes of Johnson County Library are destined for the establishment of the right standards of conduct to govern those who act on behalf of the general public. The accepted codes of ethics at Johnson County Library applies to all people elected to serve in the Office of the Commissioner in Johnson County. The law also applies to a ll officers elected in the Johnson County, Kansas. Furthermore, the established codes of ethics are applicable to all people appointed and hired as employees to work for the Johnson County, Kansas. The codes of ethics at Johnson County library applies to any individual employed to serve either on the basis of employment, rewards or free service. As indicated in the Jocolibrary.org, one of the codes of ethics accepted at Johnson County Library is for the employees to maintain high standards of ethics. Codes of ethics at Johnson County Library require employees to show great loyalty and strong morality to the county. The level of morality and loyalty showed to the county has to exceed that shown to persons, agencies, political parties, departments, and other interests.

United Kingdom's Tribunal System Reforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United Kingdom's Tribunal System Reforms - Essay Example The government’s White Paper 2004 implemented these reviews’ recommendations gave birth to the Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council that replaced the old body, Council of tribunal (White Paper 2004, p.8). In 2005, the government established the Tribunal’s service as an executive agency of the Department for Constitutional Affairs (DCA). Its function would be to accommodate the chief government run tribunals (Buck 2005, p.6). Following the appointment of Lord Justice Carwath as the first Senior President-designate of Tribunals, there was a publication of a Draft Bill in 2006. In November the same year, the House of Lords received the Tribunals, courts and Enforcement Bill (Buck 2006, pp 458-484) . There were a number of reasons for the reforms. First and foremost was in relation to the availability of reported decisions. The tribunal users experienced a lot of delays before they received responses to their applications and appeals. For this reason, the House of Commons made an inquiry into the Social Security and Child Support Commissioners (2000, pp 6-15). Some jurisdictions lacked hard copy reports while others had poor electronic media submission of reports. Secondly, the method of selection of cases varied amongst the jurisdictions. Rather than depend on rational thinking to select cases, tribunals depended on their historical development and procedural rules. Third, tribunals developed a common law system instead of a case-law system. This reduced their flexibility in determining case. Moreover, it watered down the role of a tribunal which is to avoid a formal doctrine that would result in binding precedents (Farmer 1974, p.21). The tribunal system experienced real change after the creation of the Councils of Tribunals. In 2008, the Upper Tribunal and the First-tier Tribunal were created. These two tribunals replaced the abundance of tribunals that were there before. In addition to that, there was a harmonization of procedures. Consequently, this reduced cases of separate jurisdictions each with their own procedure and system. A total of 107 tribunals were transferred into these two. However, the Employment Tribunal and the Employment Appeal Tribunal maintained their jurisdictions (Industrial Law Journal 2009, p. 418). The tribunals are divided into chambers. Each chamber takes up a general title dealing with issues that relate to the title. In light of the above discussion, tribunals deal with a range of issues. One of the issues at hand is the government’s proposal to give tribunals the power to oversee euthanasia or assisted suicide. Regulation of euthanasia under criminal law remains to be a contentious issue in medical law. According to Smith, England’s law makers have remained adamant in charting a clear way to handle this issue (1996, p.335). As it stands right now, England’s courts and legislators are not willing to remove the objection to the practice of euthanasia. Criminal law considers any wrongful act that leads to the loss of life as homicide. The most common of such acts is murder which earns one life imprisonment. A deliberate act of ending a life is murder. Therefore, even if a doctor ends a life upon the patient’s request, the law classifies his act as that of murder. There are cases where doctors have been charged with murder where they performed euthanasia. Dr. John Bodkin Adams, administered painkillers (The Times 1981, p. 1, 12). However, the

Code of the Street Elijah Anderson

Code of the Street Elijah Anderson The book, Code of The Street, by Yale Professor Elijah Anderson puts in light the various issues that are common in the city today. The street codes majorly affect the actions and behavior of many youths in the inner city. In the inner city, Anderson shows that there are many social evils like high rates of unemployment, teenage pregnancy. The main force contributing to these street codes according to him is racism though that kind of behavior is accelerated by the existing economic and political commands in the city (Anderson 34). The Code of Street applies to the behavior for the public and is a norm for the community which is alienated (Anderson 69) .if these codes of conducts within the street are not fully immersed into the lives of the young they tend to switch to the behaviors that they find on the street, Learning of the street code starts early in ones life from his or her parents to the street families who introduce them to such codes. Parents dont take role in tending their children leaving them to do it themselves (Anderson 49). The code of the street is worrying according to the sociologist Anderson as it is attributed to ills like increased rate of crime, stress, drug trafficking and all forms of violence with ultimate result of death. The urban life within the ghettos majorly contributed to the street codes. He brings out clearly the issue of respect .According to Anderson, the codes of the street is majorly affected by the poor dwellings the youth live in .In addition to the environment they live in (Anderson 50). The inner city is seems to be morally decayed as it lacks role models to be copied by the youth and the economy favors few people. With the relocation of the creators of employment to oversee leaving the youth idle within the inner city .Comparing the middle class and the lower class males of the lower class are involved in rebellious acts. Another factor is frustration of the disadvantaged youth led s to adaptation of the street codes. The inner city families were described to be decent with good values while the street families excluded themselves from the greater society Apart from the two types of families being distinct they greatly interact on the streets. Also in the schools, open publics areas are other places where these people interact. (Anderson 54). The major determining factor of how people behaved lied on the families values one is brought up with those brought up in the decent homes have proper street codes ,while those of the street families were viewed as those found like drug to commit ills like drug trafficking and all negativities of the neighborhoods like murder and violence .People fought and even shot each other to acquire respect .Lack of respect could render one to be tried by his or her peers and to the extreme the strangers. Respect was used as a measure of ones credibility within the streets. Ethics of hard work, appreciating religion and achievements in the academics were considered as respectable action within the streets. (Anderson 45). According to Anderson, teens became pregnant because they dont know the implication of having sex. For the adolescents, they became pregnant knowingly or sometimes not knowingly. The males portray a behavior of escapism of responsibilities and most times the females are left to take care of their children without father figure or sometimes get a helping hand from their family members. Many men or fathers deny the fatherhood to their children especially if they doubt their fatherhood to that child or the character of the mother may cause this. Anderson conducted ethnography study in Philadelphia in 1990 where he studied African Americans in certain classes within the city coupled with his observation (Anderson 43). According to Anderson (2000), the people in the mainstream society have proper values that dont allow them to retaliate after an attack rather they move away from the areas of fight. This makes them uphold their self esteem (Anderson 34) .This is a show of respect. Their counter parts on the other hand cant suffer the humiliation of walking away all in all they have nothing to lose as their status is low .Those from the low status communities want to uphold their respect even though it calls for the fighting to show how they are they can attack their counterparts The methods used in this research include survey whereby various households were sampled and the youth in those families who were capable of being interviewed were interviewed to gather information from them. This could help in giving the data collector an insight on the youth violence. The youth by the time they are teen, they learnt these codes, make them part and parcel of their lifes and thus the survey conducted on the youth in their adolescence is valid (Anderson 83). In the society classes i.e. middle and lower classes, Anderson interviews the subjects of target whom are faced with the daily decadency of the urban ills ranging from teens pregnancy, child delinquency and family disagreement. Anderson the code of street heroes is those that overcome the streets temptations to have a brighter tomorrow for the future people Findings according to Anderson show that peer aggression, having been a victim of violence and type of parenting are associated with the following and obeying the street code related to beliefs. Those who have ever been victims of a circumstance tend to refrain from the bad codes. Also anger is a contributing factor to the adherence of these codes. Though being involved in prior victimization might be seen as a factor towards the adherence of the codes, it isnt. Instead it makes the victim learn from the prior experience (Anderson 70). Several matters have made the scope of this study to be limited .First; the subculture thesis assessment according to Anderson is not dealt in depth. There is dire need to do in-depth investigation on this thesis. Anderson just gave a highlight .more need to be added especially on the code switching, how the people take their authorities that instill these behaviors. To add on that, the role of race in bringing out the belief related codes and the contributing to the youth violence is not clearly brought out. The youth violence is not only attributed to the blacks even the other races are victims of it. Also other factors like poverty coupled with the few opportunities could still contribute to this. Finally, the findings are more side lined on male youth violence. To the male youth, even some cliques of inner city girls are found to incite the infighting (Anderson 92). At this juncture, gender role in not clearly brought out in the contribution to the youth violence. In conclusion from the studies, it shown that the beliefs in our traditional subcultures contribute a lot in the violent behavior among the youth. Violence is more prevalent with those follow those beliefs that are in agreement with the street codes. Though it is not possible to get the etiology of these code beliefs but it is seen that the way one is socialized, the role models one looks up to and the parental upbringing matters (Anderson 97). Those youth who claim lack of future for them and had prior victimized tend to acquire the aggressive behavior in future. Also the way of parenting is also a factor where by those parents who are aggressive to their children tend to acquire violent behaviors from them. Then they will be the pioneers of all the crimes, violence in the society. Thus provision of future opportunity to our youth is of great importance as well as personal protection especially parent to their children (Anderson 120). Work Cited Anderson, Elijah. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.

Charles Augustin de Coulomb :: biographies bio

Charles Augustin Coulomb was born on June 14th, 1736 in Angoulà ªme, France. Henry Coulomb, Charles' father, had a military career, but left that for the government. His mother, Catherine Bajet, was related to a very wealthy family, the de Sà ©nac's. Many say that Henry Coulomb got caught up in some financial mishaps which led to him losing most all of his money. During Coulomb's younger years his family moved from Angoulà ªme on to Paris. Here, Charles attended many lectures at the College Mazarin and also the College de France. His mom wanted him to be a medical doctor, but on the contrary, Charles wanted to go on and study mathematics. Since Charles disobeyed his mother, he was disowned and was forced to stay with his father over in Montpellier. During his stay he joined the second royal scientific society in France known as the scientific circle. Here he read many papers on mathematics and astronomy. It was a shame that he had no money to purchase a home of his own and continu e his scientific studies, but eventually he came to be a military engineer. He joined the military school at Mà ©zià ¨res in 1760. Here he formed many friendships which would later be important for his scientific work. Charles Bossut, his teacher at Mà ©zià ¨res and Jean Charles Borda where among them. After spending nearly nine years in Martinique as an engineer of the military Charles returned to France mostly due to ill health. In 1781 he entered the French Academy of Sciences where he was a part of the administration of waters and fountains, the reform of hospitals and the system of weights and measures. He was able to publish his paper in 1787 where he proved his famous Coulombs Law. Soon came the outbreak of the French Revolution and Charles decided to retire to a small cottage in Blois. Here he was able to devote his time to

Information Assurance

We live and conduct business in an active asymmetric threat environment. An individual, business or organization must adapt and protect its vital information assets and critical digital infrastructure. Failure to do so is reckless and may be considered as an obvious lack of due diligence for people who have fiduciary and custodial responsibilities. Any event that causes damage to information resources, whether it is a computer virus, natural disaster or system failure could be devastating to an individual (i.e. identity theft), company, its customers, suppliers and shareholders. Failing to do so may threaten the survival of the company itself. An information system security breach could result in serious financial losses, the disclosure of protected private information, loss of research and development data or fines by regulatory agencies. Losses due to intrusions into an information system could negatively affect the general public (i.e. power failures). This might result in costly class action lawsuits that could exceed an organization's ability to pay and result in its dissolution. Even an individual might be sued for negligence and be financially ruined. So how should an organization or person protect its valuable digital processing infrastructure? A business should establish and implement a comprehensive information assurance plan. Individuals should at least address the components of a professional information assurance plan. Doing so is evidence that the infrastructure owners are attempting to practice due diligence. An information assurance plan for an organization should be formalized and approved in the organization's policies and have the following components: Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Accountability and Non-Repudiation. Let's briefly examine each: A. Confidentiality refers to restricting access to data, information or to any component of the digital processing infrastructure unless there is a â€Å"Need† for an individual to be able to access it. The â€Å"need† must be aligned with an employee's job requirements and the mission of the organization. Strong confidentiality prevents the disclosure of sensitive records, research and development information. B. Integrity refers to maintaining the validity and reliability of information that is to be used for decision-making. An information infrastructure that has integrity can be depended upon when making decisions. The information is otherwise useless. Integrity must be aggressively assured. C. Availability is that characteristic of information, which assures that critical information is ready for access precisely when, and where it is needed and to whom it is needed so that decisions can be made. Computers and networks must be protected to assure that mission critical data is on hand when needed. D. Accountability refers to the idea of assigning responsibility to an individual or group of individuals for each part of the digital processing infrastructure. Each time the information infrastructure is accessed someone needs to be responsible for its safe and legitimate use. Otherwise the system is open to serious security breaches. E. Non-Repudiation is that component of information assurance that guarantees each party to a transaction is bound to its results. E-commerce, for example, would be impossible without provisions for assuring that a customer actually made a purchase. Maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, availability and non-repudiation of the information processing infrastructure is vital to the survival of an organization.

ESL Beginner Dialogue - Oregon Weather Forecast

ESL Beginner Dialogue - Oregon Weather Forecast Forecasting the weather means that you are predicting what the weather will be. In English, we generally use the future with will to make a prediction. Practice this weather prediction dialogue and then make your own weather predictions. You can use a weather report on the internet, or make up your weather prediction based on what you know about your city. Teachers can find help on teaching future forms to help students learn the differences between will and going to. The Oregon Weather Forecast Weather Forecaster: Good afternoon and welcome to the weather forecast. Lets take a look at the weather outside now. Whats it like? Well, its currently raining and cloudy in southern Oregon while northern Oregon is cold and clear. The sun is shining, but its rather cold up here in the North! The temperature is currently 45 degrees in the southern Oregon and only 30 degrees in the North. Shall we see what the weather will be like tomorrow? Well, it will be rainy in the morning in southern Oregon and windy in northern Oregon. In the afternoon, The South will see cloudy weather with some rain later in the day. Northern Oregon will also see rain turning to snow and quite windy, with winds coming from the North-East. Thats the weather forecast for this afternoon. Have a good day!

Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essays

Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essays Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essay Beowulf Literary Analysis Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Winters Tale Winters Bone Ronis Aba September 27th, 2012 Period 6th â€Å"No better king had ever lived, no prince so mild, no man so open to his people, so deserving of praise. † This is an ultimate description of the heroic events of Beowulf, an old Anglo-Saxon poem about a warrior who battles and destroys three horrifying monsters. Although written long ago, the emotions expressed within this work, emotions of bravery, valor, and ethics still speak to us centuries later. The anonymous author of the poem convinces us through the masterful use of various literary elements that emphasize its meaning and message. Conflict, imagery and setting are three literary elements that contribute to the effectiveness of the poem. The use of conflict aids us to visualize the struggles between Beowulf and his opposing forces. To begin with, we are first introduced to Beowulf’s strength as we read lines 390-392; â€Å"and the bleeding sinew deep in [Grendel’s] shoulder snapped, muscle and bone split and broke. † This first battle exemplifies the readers respect towards Beowulf; this clearly demonstrates that the readers are in fact in awe of Beowulf’s strength and capability to fight Grendel with his bare hands. Furthermore in the story, we learn that Grendel’s mother â€Å"rose at once† and â€Å"repaid [Beowulf] with her clutching claws† (lines 513-517). This passage shows the readers, not only the struggle but, the effort Beowulf put forward to defeating Grendel’s mother in the hopes of glorification to his people and maintaining his pride. Finally, in lines 768-775, we read, â€Å"I swear that nothing ever did deserve an end like this†¦. As he dove through the dragon’s deadly fumes. † This final battle grants the readers with the logic of suspense. This is an epic scene because it is shown to the readers that Beowulf is indeed aware that this is his final battle meaning, with or without help, he would have to go to ultimate ends in order to complete his mission of defeating the dragon. Finally, these are just some of the many conflicts that help us understand the fights between Beowulf and his differing opponents. Another literary element that offer meaning to the poem is imagery, by simply allowing the readers to envision the events of the story. In the first part of the story (129-134), Beowulf is described as coming over â€Å"seas beating at the sand† while â€Å"the ship foamed through the sea like a bird. † This scene truly guides the readers to admire the vivid description of how proud and tough the ship looks. This ship in this case, becomes a metonymy for Beowulf himself, who is certainly proud and strong, resulting in the readers’ admiration. Additional imagery is used describing the mere, or lake, discussed above, with â€Å"storms [an] waves splash[ing] towards the sky, as dark as the air as black as the rain that the heavens weep† (440-442). This clearly illustrates how dreadful Grendel and his mothers’ home is. It intensely aids us to picture how grotesquely unpleasant the lake actually is. Near the end of the tale (lines 651-653], Beowulf â€Å"[strides] with his shield at his side and a mail shirt of his breast†¦.. Toward the tower, under the rocky cliffs. † While Beowulf awaits the battle, the description of his armor and the details of each entry help us to respect how ready he is for his concluding battle. Even as an elderly man, Beowulf is a hero beyond compare. In closing, the use of imagery greatly enriches the readers’ experience of this heroic epic. Evidently, the setting of Beowulf helps the readers to better understand the cultures and events that occur in the story. In lines 60-63, the mead hall (Herot) is described as â€Å"[standing] empty, and stay[ing] deserted for years, twelve winters. † This makes the readers feel and understand the seriousness of Grendel’s attack. Before Grendel, Herot was described as a beautiful and happy place, and so the readers feel terrible regret when it is destroyed by the creature. Later in the story, we are shown the lair under which Grendel and his mother lives: â€Å"secret places, windy cliffs† and a lake which â€Å"at night†¦.. Burns like a torch† (424-433). This passage shows the readers the monstrous, awful conditions of where the monsters lived. It also causes us to feel disgust and revulsion at their horrible habitat. Finally, in the episode with the dragon, its cave is depicted as a â€Å"hidden entrance† with â€Å"a streaming current of fire and smoke block[ing] the passage† (lines 659-661). The cave is intimidating, helping the readers to believe that the upcoming battle will be a real challenge for Beowulf. And it turns out to be so as the powerful dragon ultimately causes the hero’s death. Evidently, these settings, along with others, make the stories come alive for the readers. The poet effectively combines the literary elements conflict, imagery and setting to show the reader the qualities of an Anglo-Saxon warrior and hero. To the old English people, no one was more praise worthy than Beowulf, Despite it being written over a thousand years ago, Beowulf shows one important detail of what it takes to truly be a hero, a standard to which we can still relate to today, perhaps more powerfully than ever.

Garmin Analysis - Looking To the Future Research Paper

Garmin Analysis - Looking To the Future - Research Paper Example In order to go forward in the future, there are three scenarios under consideration, which are related to different possible course of strategic actions that the company may follow to address its problems. In this report, these strategic options are evaluated on the basis of various financial models and descriptive analysis of the company’s existing position and outcome of these decisions. Before the analysis is carried out, it would be useful to provide a summary table of the performance of five identified business segments of the company in the last three years. Business Segments 2011 Net Sales % Change in Sales 2011 EBIT % Change in EBIT 2010 Net Sales % Change in Sales 2010 EBIT % Change in EBIT 2009 Net Sales 2009 EBIT Outdoor 363,223 13.82 171,245 13.43 319,119 6.62 150,973 2.01 299,300 147,996 Fitness 298,163 23.99 107,881 24.72 240,473 41.77 86,499 49.02 169,624 58,046 Marine 221,730 11.50 60,092 -3.75 198,860 11.94 62,431 8.71 177,644 57,430 Automobile/Mobile 1,590,59 8 -4.69 171,717 -16.60 1,668,939 -18.75 205,887 -57.86 2,054,127 488,584 Aviation 284,855 8.51 73,226 2.44 262,520 6.83 71,482 26.30 245,745 56,595 The table provided above provides trends in net sales and EBIT of all business segments, which would be referred to in the discussion related to the scenarios presented below. Scenario #1: Assault on the Smartphone Market Under this future scenario, the company may aim to target the Smartphone market which is worth $65 billion and it has been growing at a fast pace of 20% every year. The smart phone market is dynamic as new markets are emerging such as Africa and Asia. However, the competitive forces including companies like Apple, Google, Nokia, Blackberry, Samsung, HTC, and even manufacturers from Far East countries are already playing an important role in this industry having strong positioning and they share a major proportion of the global market. The company will have to invest heavily in developing technologies and acquiring assoc iated businesses as Garmin does not have any prior experience and its current market share is zero. The entry into this market segment the company will require an investment of $3 billion that could be raised from the capital market by offers shares to both institutional and private investors. Move to the Smartphone segment the company will have divest non-operations including aviation, and marine, in the third year and it expects to receive $500 million. In addition, by doing so, the company will have to let go of the profits generated by these segments, which are already observed to be slowing down in the year 2011. The following financial analysis is based on certain assumptions and understanding regarding future of Smartphone industry and the company’s investment decision: 1. The time period for investment appraisal is considered to be 5 years from the completion of the project and inception of sales. 2. The cost of investment is expected to be $3 billion which will be ra ised by issuing additional 75 million shares at a price of $40 per share. 3. The investment is expected to generate results from the year 2013. 4. In 2011, the Smartphone industry has grown by 20% and same growth rate is assumed for the year 2012 onwards as there are no signs of slowdown in both short and medium terms. 2011 ($ mn) 2012 ($ mn) 2013 ($ mn) 2014 ($ mn)

Teaching strategies to students with severe disabilities who are Research Paper

Teaching strategies to students with severe disabilities who are second language learners - Research Paper Example This paper shall discuss the various strategies which can be applied by the teacher in order to effectively teach students with severe disabilities who are also second language learners. Body Learning impaired students refer to students who have been diagnosed with learning disabilities, disabilities which are ranging from processing deficits (input, integration, storage, or output) (Rathus, 2010). It also includes function impairment, developmental dyslexia, dysphagia, aphasia, as well as low IQ scores. These impairments often imply that the students are not performing well in school and may be even delayed in their studies (Rathus, 2010). Second language students are those students who are in the process of learning a second language. More often than not, they may be immigrant students trying who are not native English speakers. The challenge in this case is how the teacher can communicate with the second language students, especially those students who are learning impaired. The t eacher must develop strategies in order to manage the challenges in teaching these students. Schools are institutions which represent the richness and diversity of culture and languages, including customs and traditions. For most students, parents, and other educators, establishing ways by which to instruct all children effectively and meaningfully is considered a professional and pedagogical responsibility (Lopez-Reyna, 2002). Specifically, ways to manage the knowledge which many people have established from the bilingual and special education fields have also been established by various academicians. Crucial to the process of teaching children is to secure a thorough understanding of his or her learning based on his or her specific learning skills, weaknesses, and needs (Wagner, et.al., 2005). There is a need to secure a complete and informal evaluation in order to ensure that the teacher understands what the child knows, and what he already understands. The primary assumption on learning is that there is also a need to secure a strong sense of a student’s language, his home setting, his values, and his previous experiences in his current or previous school (Lopez-Reyna, Birnbaum, 2002). There are eight principles which are considered effective in teaching English language learners (Gersten and Jimenez, 1994). These principles include the need to secure higher order thinking opportunities as well as expectations, including the higher level of involvement in one’s own learning, experiences, and cultural diversity. Suggestions on the use of mediation via visual organizers and modelling the application of appropriate resources have also been made. Support for the application of collaborative and cooperative learning has also been advocated (Calderon, et.al., 2011). A determination on which language to use for learning impaired students has often been posed. Even as the benefits of ensuring instruction in a child’s primary language has been seen in terms of general education settings, it is not clear how the learning should unfold for learning impaired students (Lopez-Reyna, 2002). Using English can be a challenge because it would take years to master the language for second language learners. In effect, teaching academic skills to students in their native language seems to be the more effective method of teaching

Wit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wit - Essay Example Two major types of knowledge emerge in this play. Academic knowledge represented by Vivian, Dr. Kelekian and Dr. Jason gained through proper university education whose actions displays academic elitism between teacher-student and doctor-patient. Humanitarian knowledge gained through interaction. Vivian gained it after interacting with Susie when this nurse was always available during the time when in pain and lonely (69). Academic knowledge bestow on the bearers power and high regard in the society as demonstrated by Vivian’s feeling of helplessness at the hospital compared to the power she wielded over her students at the University. â€Å"Once I did the teaching, now am taught† (37). On the other hand, other forms of knowledge are poorly regarded as Jason asserts this regarding his take on bedside manners as â€Å"colossal waste of time for researchers† (55). The two types of knowledge are related since they complement each other. Vivian realized the significance of human contact when under lots of pain and alone appreciated the role Susie played during this moment. Acquisition of knowledge should not be at the expense of

Is evil really the nature of mankind Essay Example for Free

Is evil really the nature of mankind Essay Is evil really the nature of mankind? Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Man is assumed to have morals. Morality can be defined as the ability to come up with ruled and adhere to them to the letter coupled with the ability to discern right from wrong. This raises the question whether man does wrong on purpose. Is man born evil in nature? People will go to great lengths just to fulfill their personal desires even if it goes against all morality. This essay seeks to show the depravity of man as epitomized in the allegory Young Goodman Brown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The allegorical tale was set in the Puritan setting of the early 17th century. The writer sought to expose human depravity through the main character. Human beings hide behind masks to cover up their tracks. In modern day society people engage in all sorts of activities and use their positions, family legacy and upbringing as cover up. Goodman is a symbolic representation of this. He embarks on a journey to the witches’ meeting while he proclaims an upbringing that condemns such acts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The choice of diction, characters and colloquial expressions such as Faith and Young Goodman explicitly exemplify the paradoxical nature of man. During the setting of the novel, the Salem trials in which witches were executed were taking place. Man engages in practices that are biblically and morally evil. The minister, Deacon Gooking and Goody Cloyse are all involved in the cult. This exposes man’s folly evil nature since even those who are perceived as the righteous in society engage in questionable practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story explicitly exposes follies in society. It is also a means in which the writer sympathizes with the beliefs and society in the Puritan religion. The church elders in the community take part in witchcraft. The story is arguably one of the best since it ridicules as well as exposes the evil nature of man. References Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Library, 1996. Source document

Assessing food globalisation effects in taiwan

Assessing food globalisation effects in taiwan With the fast development of the society and economy, there is no doubt that globalization is coming increasingly popular than ever before since 1980s, whether in international economy or international political affairs, and it will be more popular in the future (Aydin, 2010). Now all kinds of the information can be transformed in a short second with a large amount. Therefore, as a result of globalization, all over the world are linked together and they depend on each other (Skoufiasa, 2010). With the globalization, the world has been developing much faster as well. In this essay, it is to have a short description of the background and the fundamental theories of globalization, after that, a case study, Taiwan Banana industry, will be placed out to analysis the effects of the globalization to the banana industry. Before analyzing the specific effects, there will be a brief introduction of Taiwan Banana industry, including nature, culture and the government role in the banana market, and then the reasons to choose Taiwan Banana industry as a case study will be demonstrated as well. With the globalization, competition in the banana industry is of quite sharp, thus comparison with the Philippine would be taken. Soon afterwards, the strategies for improving the Taiwan Banana industry competition will be further illustrated. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn. Description of the theory of globalization Since the 1980s, globalization has been becoming an increasingly new phenomenon in the world, the basic characteristics of our times. However, there is no uniform definition of globalization. From the material form, globalization refers to the cross-border flows of goods and capital, through a transnational and local internationalization and globalization these stages of development (Fratzscher, 2007). Cross-border flows of goods and capital is the first form of globalization. In this process, by a corresponding regional, it arouse international economic management organizations and economic entities, and culture, lifestyle, values, ideologies and other spiritual forces of transnational exchange, collision, conflict and integration (Braslavsky, 2003). Overall, globalization is a core of economic globalization, including the countries and peoples of various regions in the political, cultural, technological, military, security, ideology, lifestyle, values, multi-layered, multi-area int erconnected, the impact of multiple constraints of the concept. Globalization can be summarized as technology, economy, politics, law, management, organizational, cultural, ideological, interpersonal communication, the globalization of international relations in ten areas. And globalization has many advantages and disadvantages. First, globalization allows worldwide capital, technology, products, and markets, resources to be relocated effectively and rationally(Anwar, 2007). Globalization not only prompts in effective international cooperation, but also intensifies the competition among countries. From a country perspective, local companies will exceed their resources and limited domestic market, the global search for the optimal allocation of resources and effective use. Second, globalization provides good opportunities and challenges for developing countries (Manzey, 2009). First, it helps developing countries to use foreign capital and foreign investment. Second, it promotes structural optimization of the exports of developing countries. As the capital inflows, direct investment activities of transnational corporations and domestic industrial restructuring have improved the structure of developing country exports. Third, it forces developed countries to deal with the problems faced by developing countries. Developed countries increasingly recognize that economic globalization, their economic stability and development depend on developing countries (Gomory, 2009). Third, with the globalization, it provides peoples of the world for a good opportunity to select goods and services (Ge, 2009). With the market globalization, international trade logistics will become the main form of peoples of the world according to their own preferences and consumption needs, to choose their products (Farazmand, 2005). Fourth, globalization will promote culture development. Economic globalization will not only affect the global economic structure and order, but also it brings different cultures to varying degrees (Arndt, 2009; Polivka, 2001). Fifth, globalization will promote trade and investment liberalization (Grieben, 2009). Trade and investment liberalization are the products of economic globalization and it is a powerful driving force of globalization. Trade and investment liberalization are accelerating the development of advanced process of economic globalization. Investment liberalization, has become the mainstream of development, in not only developed countries, but a growing number of developing countries actively take investment liberalization measures. On the one hand, a large number of foreign investment, on the other hand actively engaging in overseas investment, so that the world direct investment increased rapidly, investment activities worldwide, the global regulatory framework and rules of investment have begun to form. Sixth, globalization accelerates the process of technology transfer and industrial structure adjustment (Rugman, 2005). Globalization has brought great development of the international division of labor, industry, the big transfer and capital, technology and other production factors of large flows, which make up the domestic capital for developing countries, technology and other elements of the gap. On the contrary, globalization has its negative effects. First, globalization has exacerbated the imbalance in the world economy, so that the wealth gap (Gindlinga, 2010). Globalization has not only brought the impact on the national economy of developing countries, but it also affects the basis of unequal relations. Second, globalization has strengthened the instability of the world economy (Czinkota, 2005). Globalization ties with the world economy more closely, thus, each countrys economic stability will depend not only on their domestic factors, but also, largely, by the tremendous international impact. As international trade continues to expand, other countries, particularly major trading partners economic situation, such as inflation, the financial crisis, and it will affects their own (Knight, 1998). Third, the current global economic rules of operation are not quite reasonable, developed countries benefit more (Zhu, 2004). With the development of economic globalization, the objective needs to be regulated with the rules, constraints, the behavior of participants, while the rule-making is a strength-based. Fouth, globalization can also lead to the destruction of the ecological environment in developing countries (Aggarwal, 2006). For example, the increasing spread of desertification, land erosion, the extinction of plant and animal species, marine and river Road pollution. A brief introduction of Taiwan nature, culture Taiwan is located on the southeast coast of the continental shelf, located between longitude 119 °1803 and 124  °3430à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³, latitude 20 °4525 to 25 °5630à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³. It has a sea area of 36,000 square kilometers, including Taiwan Island (an area of 35,801 square kilometers), the Penghu Islands, Green Island, Diaoyu Island, Orchid Island, Lantau Peng Gui, Chiwei. The province is also is divided in 7 cities and 16 counties. Taiwan faces the Pacific, the Northeast neighborhood Ryukyu Islands, about 600 km apart; the southern boundary is the Bashi Channel, and the Philippines, about 300 km apart; west boundary is the Taiwan Strait, Fujian, narrowest point to 130 kilometers. Taiwan, the center channel briefly the Western Pacific, is the Pacific regions major transport hub at sea links. In addition, it is an important part of China. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan). Taiwan has a population of 21.86 million, including Kinmen, Matsupopulation growth rate is about 7.31%. Population is mainly concentrated in the western plains, the eastern population of only 4% of the total population. The average population density is 568.83 people per square kilometer. Political, economic and cultural center and largest city of Taipeis population density has reached 1 million per square kilometer. The Han nationality accounts for about 98% of the total Taiwan residents, minority 2%, about 38 million people. According to the language and customs of different ethnic minorities of Taiwan into the Ami, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Puyuma, Rukai, Cao, Yami and the other 9 Saisiyat family, separation across the province. And now it has a mixture culture including traditional Chinese culture,Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly Western values (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) . The island of Taiwan is mountainous, mountains and hills occupy more than two-thirds of the total area. Taiwans mountains and the islands northeast southwest direction parallel to the vertical Woyu east central island location, the island formed over the eastern mountains, hilly central and western plains of topographical features. Taiwan has warm climate in winter, hot in summer, rainfall, typhoons and heavy rain over the summer and fall. Tropic of Cancer passing through the central island, north to subtropical climate, the south has a tropical climate, the average temperature (except mountains) is 22 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, annual precipitation over 2000 mm. Abundant rainfall creates favorable conditions islands rivers, crops and fruits, particular Taiwan banana (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan). The reason for selecting banana industry Banana is one of Taiwans major economic fruits for export-oriented, and now banana is still the largest export of Taiwan fruit. Compared with other crops, bananas, due to higher yield, extensive management, labor saving, still has a comparative advantage. In short, the banana production in Taiwan for several years shows the phenomenon of growth, decline and stability. So the expansion of Taiwans banana industry has also emerged, and the steady state of contraction. It also has a long history of exporting to other countries. Taking Japan for example, it has been decades of exporting banana to Japan since 1963. Taiwans banana industry developed during the period of Japanese occupation, and Taiwan bananas monopolized the Japanese market until banana importation was liberalized in 1963 (Yoshiyuki, 2006). Taiwan has very good light and heat conditions with the largest banana development, the highest yield, and it is one of the regions with best quality. In addition, Taiwan banana is of go od quality and convenient transportation, because is the Pacific regions major transport hub. So Taiwan banana is chosen as a case study in this essay. The effects of transnational corporations on banana market With the development of economy, the five large transnational corporations monopolize the whole banana market now. It is undeniable that transnational corporations are an important driving force of economic globalization. Multinationals global business strategy is an important foundation to speed up the process of economic globalization (Matowe, 2002). The competitiveness of enterprises is the industrial competitiveness as well as an important manifestation of national competitiveness. TNC is the main force of the modern enterprise, and is an important part of the worlds overall national strength and competitiveness of countries. Multinational firms international investment accelerates the process of economic globalization. International investment is the international economic and technological cooperation (Cerny,1994). With the accelerated development of the world economy, multinational corporations have become the main carrier of international investment. Multinational internation al investment is showed in the global expansion of finance capital, monopolizing in the world market. Therefore, the five large transnational corporations have great impact on the global banana market and the main producing countries, Taiwan included, although banana is an exporting industry with a long history. For example, transnational corporation will affect government policy (Roberts, 2005). On the other hand, to large multinational companies, they have the finance strength to repel their rivals out of the market. Because of the market operation in many countries at the same time, they would use lower prices exclude local competitors. With incomplete information, they often have local aggressive behavior to establish their credibility, or potential competition to the world market for the issuing of false signals, to reduce the overall competition (Globalization and global change research 2004, p. 280). In all, they benefit more for themselves. Whats more, Philippine now is beco ming the fourth largest exporter that it might put great affect on the Taiwan banana. If the situation continues, the large transnational corporation will operate in Taiwan, thus the Taiwan banana industries should find a way out. The strategy to compete with Philippine In recent years, many problems appear in the banana industry. First, the quality of banana changes because of the bad weather like typhoon, many banana trees are destroyed by typhoon, but the remaining trees are also seriously hurt. In addition, diseases are wide spreaded as well, so that the quality is reduced. According to the news, because of the low quality of banana, Japan almost refuses a large number of the bananas every year. On the other hand, the big rival-Philippine, is developing fast in the recent years. Now the Philippine is the world fourth largest banana country. Whats more, Philippine has low price bananas and now it holds almost seven tenths of the Japan banana market. Therefore, it is a real rival to Taiwan banana industry. However, since the Taiwan has become a member of WTO, changes will take place to compete with the low price Philippine banana if effective measures are taken. First and for the most, the quality of the Taiwan bananas should be improved. In order to reduce the disease attack, new and anti-disease species would be cultivated. Then putting more emphasis on the producing technology, producing technology is of important in banana producing, such as keeping fresh. Now people pay more attention to health food than ever before that Green food is every popular. Therefore, if after years of hard working, Taiwan banana is much healthier than other counties, it will have a larger market again. However, so as to realize the goal, much money should input to research. Government departments should be targeted to organize the implementation of major research projects! These projects should be borne by research institutions and integrated production enterprises. Second, improve the banana farmers positive. As a result of the bad performance of Taiwan banana exporting market, the farmers positives been seriously hurt. Therefore, in order to improve the banana farmers positive, the government should stabilize banana prices, and then improve the banana prices step by step and more privilege would be enacted to give more profits to the banana farmers. Third, the government should have a clear understanding of its responsibility in the modem society, especially as a member of WTO. In personal, compared with Taiwan nature and culture characters, the role of government is of much more importance. Further more, governments a particular policy will promote, draw back, or stabilize the banana market, especially after Taiwan entered into WTO. With globalization, the governments main responsibilities are following. First, the government plays a critical role in the development of economy (Moshirian, 2008). Government should use the various legal, economic and other macro-control means to maintain the economic order and the sustainable and healthy economic development. In this aspect, the focus of government economic policy is to create the state-efficient market environment, especially a good investment environment to attract capital, technology and professionals to improve the countrys competitiveness. As the global economy and national development strategies important changes take place under the new situation, governments, especially governments of developing countries should transform its role in enhancing economic competitiveness imperative way. On the one hand, trade and investment liberalization require developing countries to adopt effective policies to ensure fair competition; on the other hand, cross-border movem ent substantially eliminates barriers for developing countries to use global resources to develop its economy. More and more governments realize that creating and maintaining an efficient market is more important than industrial policy. The government plays the role in basically allocation of resources to improve the efficiency of resource allocation, enhancing its economic competitiveness. Government can not intervene the market excessively to avoid distortion and damage the market mechanism. Second, the government also plays a great role in governing the society. In the era of economic globalization, with the internationalization of social life, domestic content and manner of administration will inevitably encounter problems of internationalization (Aguayo-Tà ©lleza, 2010). Such as the emergence of transnational corporations, the increasing number of international organizations and transnational institutions, enhancing mobility, all that requires government to develop administrat ion function, as immigration authorities, foreign tax administration, international liaison and cooperation agencies, etc., to deal with economic globalization. Conclusion Since 1980, globalization, which means the cross-border flows of goods and capital, through a transnational and local internationalization and globalization these stages of development, has been quite popular, and contain many advantages as following. Globalization allows many resources, including world capital, technology, products, etc., to be relocated effectively. However, the developing countries are faced both good opportunities and challenges before globalization, mainly because it can both help the developing counties to develop structural optimization of the exports and handle with the problems brought by the globalization. To the consumers, they have more opportunities to select goods and services and it promotes culture communication. In addition, globalization still brings trade and investment liberalization as well. On the other hand, many problems appear with globalization. Globalization has exacerbated the imbalance in the world economy and the gap between the wealth a nd poor. It also has strengthened the instability of the world economy. To developed countries, through the globalization, they benefit more than the developing countries and they might destroy ecological environment in developing countries. Taiwan, which has good nature and culture characters, is fit for grow banana. Now it is the largest export of Taiwan fruit. In addition, Taiwan also has a long history of exporting banana with high yield that why the Taiwan banana is chose as a case study in this essay. However, Taiwan banana also face challenges, such as the quality declining, the growing competitor like Philippine. However, since the Taiwan has become a member of WTO, the situation will change if effective measures are taken. First, the banana quality should be improved. New anti-disease species with good quality banana should be cultivated. Second, the government should encourage the banana farmers positive through effective measures, such as improving the banana price and more privileges. With the globalization, the government plays a key role and the government should have a clear understanding of its responsibility in the modem society, especially as a member of WTO. The government plays a critical role in the development of economy and the government should create and maintain sustainable and healthy economic development. Government is of importance in governing the society. Creating and maintaining an efficient market is more important than industrial policy to the government. In all, with the efforts of all the Taiwan people and Taiwan government, Taiwan will have a bright and sustainable banana market.